Fig. 5: Electronic structures of 3DOM-NS.

a ELF calculations of Co-based catalysts; (b) Integration of Δρ in planes along the Z-direction over Co3S4-HCOO* and Co3O4-HCOO*. Green and blue regions represent electron accumulation and electron depletion, respectively; (c) CO2-TPD curves of 3DOM Co-SNS, DH-Co-SNS and bulky Co-SNS; (d) TRPL decay spectra of Ru solution before and after adding 3DOM Co-SNS; (e) Average lowdin charges of Co sites in various Co-based catalysts. The inset of (e) shows the visual charge distributions of various Co-based catalysts. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.