Fig. 5: Reduction of commercial LP30 electrolyte on various electrode materials.

a 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1 v/v) electrolyte IF-FEWS reference spectrum. b A(t)−A(t0) absorbance variations operando spectra for the Sn electrode. The range where only Li2CO3 and semi-carbonates absorb is highlighted with red and purple rectangles, respectively. c GITT voltage profile of the Cu-PVDF//LP30//Li Metal cell (resting OCV time is highlighted in yellow) and detailed A(t)−A(t0) absorbance variations for two selected wavenumbers representative of Li2CO3 (1525 cm−1, red), and lithium semi-carbonates (1640 cm−1, purple). Subfigures (d–g) are similar to (b, c), for CoO and LTO electrodes, respectively. The three shadings refer to the scale in (b). The IR bands of DMDOHC44 are shown below (d).