Fig. 3: VEELS characterization of BDD.

a Analysis of representative VEEL spectra measured from a 1 × 1 nm region of BDD (top) and undoped diamond (bottom) by fitting the ZLP to a vacuum spectrum and thereby isolating an inelastic signal at roughly 0.15 eV that only appears for BDD. The total fit, i.e., the sum of the vacuum and the inelastic contributions, agrees well with the raw spectrum. All spectra are normalized to the maximum intensity of the ZLP. b Annular dark field (ADF)-STEM image of a section of a BDD particle (top left) and undoped diamond particle (top right), and false color maps showing the spatial variation of the normalized inelastic VEEL signal across BDD (bottom left) and undoped diamond (bottom right) at an energy slice of 0.15 eV. All scale bars equal 10 nm.