Fig. 3: Illustrative examples of the methodological frameworks employed by studies satisfying the inclusion criteria. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Illustrative examples of the methodological frameworks employed by studies satisfying the inclusion criteria.

From: Integrating artificial intelligence with mechanistic epidemiological modeling: a scoping review of opportunities and challenges

Fig. 3

Nine primary frameworks were identified, including AI-augmented epidemiological models (a), epidemiological models with improved observational data (b), PINNs/EAAMs (c), AI models incorporating epidemiological input features (d), surrogate modeling/synthetically-trained AI models (e), ensemble learning frameworks (f), Bayesian neural networks (g), AI-enhanced optimization frameworks (h), and cluster-based transmission analysis frameworks (i). Details of these frameworks can be found in Supplementary Appendix 16. PINNs physics-informed neural networks, EAAMs epidemiology-aware AI models.

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