Fig. 6: ROS generations and in vitro phototherapeutic efficacy of NanoNMO.
a Structure of NMO and schematic illustration of the fabrication of NanoNMO. Created in BioRender. Liu, H. (2024) BioRender.com/m21y350. b Diameter size distribution and morphology of NanoNMO (5 μM) measured by DLS and TEM. c Relative ROS generations and d relative O2•− generation of NanoNMO. n = 3 independent samples. Data are presented as mean values   ± SD. The relative ROS and O2•− generations of NanoNMO, NMO and Ce6 were determined comparing them with the reference samples (MB). The probe slope of MB was considered as 1, and the slope ratios were served as the ordinate. e CLSM images of intracellular DCFH fluorescence and f quantitative fluorescence emission of 4T1 cells incubated with Ce6 (***p = 0.0004), NMO (***p = 0.0008), and NanoNMO (ns = 0.4060) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. g CLSM images of intracellular DHE fluorescence and h quantitative fluorescence emission of 4T1 cells incubated with Ce6 (***p = 0.0007), NMO (***p = 0.0003), and NanoNMO (*p = 0.0342) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Cells were irradiated with 685 nm laser for 5 min (15 mW·cm-2). F.I., Fluorescence intensity. Cytotoxic effects of Ce6, NMO, and NanoNMO on 4T1 cells under i normoxic and j hypoxic conditions in dark or with 685 nm laser irradiation (30 min, 15 mW·cm-2). k Calcein-AM/PI costaining images detected by CLSM, with Calcein-AM staining displayed in the green channel and PI staining in the red channel (scale bar = 100 μm). n = 3 biologically independent experiments for cell samples with similar results. Data were expressed as mean values ± SD, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, NS. not significant, determined by two-tailed Student’s t test.
