Fig. 5: Experimental validation of generated alloy surfaces.

a TEM images and EDS elemental mapping images of Cu, Al for CuAl alloys (inset: HRTEM image). b XRD patterns of CuAl alloys and simulated XRD of the bulk structure of generated CuAl surface (subfigure visualizes the generated CuAl surface). c The FEs towards CO2RR products under a range of applied potentials in 1 M KOH (pH = 13.93) of CuAl alloys. (d) TEM images and EDS elemental mapping images of Pd, Sn for Pd5Sn2 alloys (inset: HRTEM image). e XRD patterns of Pd5Sn2 alloys and simulated XRD of the bulk structure of generated Pd5Sn2 surface (subfigure visualizes the generated Pd5Sn2 surface). f FEs towards CO2RR products under a range of applied potentials in 1 M KOH of Pd5Sn2 alloys. g LSV curves of CuAl alloys and Pd5Sn2 alloys (scan rate = 5 mV·s−1, catalyst mass loading = 1 mg·cm-3). h Electrochemical stability test of the CuAl catalyst at −0.7 V vs. RHE and Pd5Sn2 catalyst at −0.8 V vs. RHE at room temperature (FE is the total of the CO2RR to carbon products, gas flow = 20 sccm).