Fig. 7: Large-scale electrolyzer.

a Size comparison of the three electrolyzers used in this work, with working areas of 10, 100, and 400 cm2, and an expanded view of the large-scale electrolyzer configurations. b The photograph of large-scale electrolysis setup for Ni0.67V0.33-LDH/ACT-catalyzed EAO. CFD simulation fluid flow traces in the flow channel of continuous flow electrolyzer c without and d with a cavity. e LSV curves (without iR compensation) and (f) potential comparison for OER and EAO of 8a (200 g) in the large-scale flow electrolyzer. g The relative concentration changes of 8a and its oxidation products (8b and 8c) during EAO at 60 A.