Fig. 5: Spatial distribution of the reactants in the bulk solution and the model carbon.

The spatial distribution of H2O2 in the bulk solution and the inert carbon at (a) 0 ms, (b) 10 ms, and (c) 50 ms in the absence of Fe(II). d SEM imaging of the cross-section of fly ash impregnated in 0.5 mM Fe(III) for 5 h and line scanning analysis of Fe(III) along the cross-section. The spatial distribution of HO• generated from Fenton reaction in the bulk solution and the inert carbon at (e) 0 ms, (f) 10 ms, and (g) 50 ms. h The spatial distribution of HO• in the bulk solution and the Fe(II)-confined carbon at 50 ms. Conditions for (d): T = 293 ± 1.0 K; pH = 6.0 ± 0.3; [Fe(III)] = 0.5 mM; [fly ash] = 10 g L−1; adsorption time = 5 h.