Fig. 5: Force Plots showing feature contributions to model output in the prediction model for AKI within 48 h.

A Force plot of a patient with AKI, the model generated a predicted AKI probability of 67%. Admission to the ICU, a lower percentage of lymphocytes, elevated neutrophilic granulocyte-to-albumin ratio and heart rate are major features contributing to a higher predicted risk of AKI. B Force plot of a patient without AKI, the model generated a predicted AKI probability of 9%. The absence of diuretics, negative latest changing rate of Scr, a normal lowest Scr, and no hospitalization in the ICU are major features that drive the patient toward a lower predicted risk of AKI. NE neutrophilic granulocyte, ALB albumin, C intensive care unit, Scr serum creatinine. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.