Fig. 5: Photovoltaic performance and stability of the F-PSCs.

a Illustrated structure of F-PSCs. b The reverse and forward scanned J-V curves of the best-performed control and F-PSCs. c PCE evolution of p-i-n F-PSCs with different HTLs in recent years. d The representative J-V curves of the large-area (1.2 cm2) target device, inset shows a photograph of the device. e The MPP tracking of the unencapsulated control and target devices under continuous white light illumination (100 mW cm-2) in the atmospheric environment (30%). f Normalized PCE of the control and target devices measured after 1000 bending cycles with various bending radii. g Bending stability of F-PSCs with convex bending cycles at a curvature radius of 5 mm. h Bending stability of F-PSCs with concave bending cycles at a curvature radius of 5 mm.