Fig. 4: Carrier dynamics at the PVSK/NFA interface and within the NFA bulk.

a–d TA spectra of a PVSK, b PVSK/Y6, c PVSK/Y-Phen, and d PVK/Y-CE films at different time delays. e Corresponding TA decay kinetics. f Confocal PL mapping images for PVSK and PVSK/NFA films. The collection range was set from 700–800 nm, with a scale bar of 10 μm.