Fig. 3: Evaluation of nerve recovery status using Bio-Restor.

a Image of a freely moving rat with an implanted Bio-Restor and a wireless module. The enlarged view shows the image of the circuit chip. b Schematic illustration of the wireless circuit, data recording and video capturing system. c Transected sciatic nerve with a 10-mm gap in SD rats. d Bio-Restor implanted at the injured site of nerve gap. e 3D and f cross-sectional micro-computer tomography images of the implanted Bio-Restor. Dotted orange lines indicate the position of connected wires to the multi-channel electrodes. g, Immunofluorescent images of the longitudinal section of the nerve segment with implanted Bio-Neuro at 3 weeks postimplantation. Top: immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating the leading edge (white dashed lines) of axonal growth. Yellow dashed lines indicate the position of neural electrodes. Bottom: enlarged view of the immunofluorescent images at 3 different locations. Immunohistochemical staining: axons (NF200, green), Schwann cells (S100, red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). h Recorded signal traces using Bio-Neuro with rats walking on a treadmill at 3 weeks postimplantation. i Immunofluorescent images of the longitudinal section of the nerve segment with implanted Bio-Restor at 3 weeks postimplantation. Top: Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating the leading edge (white dashed lines) of axonal outgrowth. Yellow dashed lines indicate the position of neural electrodes. Bottom: enlarged view of the immunofluorescent images at 3 different locations. j Recorded signal traces using Bio-Restor with rats walking on a treadmill at 3 weeks postimplantation. In g and i, experiments were repeated with n = 3 rats per condition.