Fig. 4: Photo-Fenton performance and ROS identification.

a SMX degradation efficiency and b the corresponding kinetic rate constants in the various systems. c Time-dependent TOC removal in CuSA/COFs/PMS/Vis system. d Comparison of the Kobs and degradation percentage of state-of-the-art catalysts in photoactivated PMS systems. e Quenching experiments and f corresponding removal percentage for the degradation of SMX in CuSA/Ace-COF/PMS/Vis system under various quenching conditions. g DMPO spin-trapping EPR spectra for •OH and •SO4−. h In situ Raman spectroscopy for the various oxidation systems. i Toxicity indices of SMX and its intermediates are expressed on numerical scales: acute toxicity (0 ~ 10,000), bioaccumulation factor (0 ~ 18), mutagenicity (−0.5 ~ 1.2), and developmental toxicity (0 ~ 1), with higher values indicating greater risk. Error bars are standard error values of three tests (n = 3).