Fig. 4: Immune activation of hydrogel vaccines in vivo.

A Schematic illustration of activated immune cells analysis and antibody titer detection. B Immunofluorescence images of inguinal lymph nodes to assess germinal centers 7 days after vaccination, scale bar: 1 mm. C Schematic illustration of in vivo T cell proliferation assay. Specific anti-OVA IgG antibody endpoint titers of different treatment groups in serum on days 10 (D), 14 (E), and 21 (F) (n = 6 mice in each group). The experiments were repeated two times and representative data from one of the experiments are shown. G, H The proportion of SIINFEKL⁺ DCs in lymph nodes (n = 4 mice in each group). I, J The proportion of IFN-γ⁺ T cells in spleen (n = 4 mice in each group). K, L The proportion of IFN-γ⁺ T cells in peripheral blood (n = 4 mice in each group). M The proliferation of CD8 T-cells isolated from transgenic OT-I mice, CFSE content of CD8⁺ T cells was determined as a measure of T-cell proliferation (n = 6 mice in each group). The experiments were repeated two times and representative data from one of the experiments are shown. N Representative flow cytometry images of the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells of in vivo T cell proliferation assay. G1: PBS, G2: Free Vac, G3: Alum Vac, G4: D-Gel Vac and G5: L-Gel Vac. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was analyzed one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s posttest (D–M). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.