Fig. 7: De novo synthesis of tyrosol, salidroside, osmA, osmB, syringalide A, syringalide A-3′-rhamnoside and 18 PhGs in tobacco leaves.

a De novo biosynthesis of PhGs using endogenous L-tyrosine in N. benthamiana harbouring functionally identified genes in different combinations (Combs. 8–14). b Yields of tyrosol (0.3% DW) or salidroside (2–3% DW) in tobacco harbouring gene Combs. 8–10. The data are presented as the means ± SDs; n = 3 biological replicates. Statistical analysis was performed with unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests. c HPLC chromatogram of tobacco extracts harbouring gene Comb. 12, which led to the production of salidroside and PhGs a1–a11. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. d HPLC chromatogram of tobacco extracts harbouring gene Comb. 14, which led to the production of salidroside and PhGs b1–b11. e Plausible identities of the generated products a1–a11 and b1–b11 based on their mass spectrometric patterns and diagnostic fragments (Supplementary Figs. 49–71), as well as through reference standard comparisons. Compounds b1–b11 are the corresponding rhamnosylated products of a1–a11, respectively. f The liquid chromatography mass spectrometry peak areas of products a1–a11 and b1–b11 from engineered tobacco harbouring different gene combinations. The data are presented as the means ± SDs; n = 3 biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.