Fig. 5: Application potential of I-NC/PMS system for water purification.

a The removal efficiency of I-NC activated PMS systems in the presence of different ions, different humic acid (HA) concentrations, different initial pH, and different natural waters. Conditions: [catalyst] = 0.04 g L⁻¹, [PMS] = 1 mM, [CIP]₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹, [K⁺] = [Mg²⁺] = [Ca²⁺] = [Cl^–] = [NO₃^–] = [SO₄^2–] = [PO₄^3–] = 5 mM (if any). Each data point in Fig. 5a is independent of the other. b CIP abatement in five consecutive cycles in the I-NC/PMS system. c CIP concentration and TOC in the effluent from a continuous-flow reactor consisting of the I-NC-filled column, conditions: catalyst dosage = 200 mg, [PMS]₀ = 1 mM, [CIP]₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹, flow rate = 20 mL h−¹. Error bars denote standard deviation of the experiments performed in triplicate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.