Table 1 Comparison of LSTM performance with previous works
Metric | Our KWS task | Our NLP task | Nature’2331 | Nat. Elec.’2323 | VLSI’1728 | JSSC’2025 | ISSCC’1726 | CICC’1827 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMOS technology | 16 nm | 16 nm | 14 nm | 14 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm | 65 nm |
Memory technology | RRAM | RRAM | PCM | PCM | SRAM | SRAM | SRAM | SRAM |
Operation Frequency (MHz) | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 200 | 80 | 200 | 168 |
IMC | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N |
Input/weight/output precision | 5(8)/Analog/5(8) | 5(8)/Analog/5(8) | 8/Analog/8 | 8/Analog/8 | 8/8/– | 13/6/13 | 16/16/– | 8/8/8 |
Memory size (kB) | 1.125 | 623 | 4250 | 272 | 348 | 288 | 10 | 82 |
KWS task on GSCD (Accuracy %) | 88.5 (12 classes) | – | 86.1 (12 classes) | – | – | – | – | – |
NLP task on PTB (BPC) | – | 1.349 | – | 1.439 | – | – | – | – |
Area (mm2) | 0.003 | 0.71 | 111.18 | 144 | 19 | 7.74 | 2.6 | 0.93 |
Power (mW) | 3.7 (5b), 4.6(8b) | 406.5 (5b),766.8(8b) | 3450 | 3465 | 296 | 65 | 2.3 | 29.03 |
Peak Throughput (TOPS) | 0.11(5b), 0.02(8b) | 19.5(5b), 5.5(8b) | 23.94 | 4.9 | 0.38 | 0.16/0.02 | 0.025 | 0.03 |
Energy Efficiency (TOPS/W) | 31.0(5b), 4.0(8b) | 47.9(5b), 7.2(8b) | 6.94 | 1.96 | 1.28 | 2.45/8.93 | 1.1 | 1.11 |
Area Efficiency (TOPS/mm2) | 39.48 (5b), 6.1(8b) | 27.6 (5b), 7.8(8b) | 0.17 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.02/0.0025 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Normalized Area Efficiency (TOPS/mm2, 1 GHz, 16 nm) | 39.48 (5b), 6.1(8b) | 27.6 (5b), 7.8(8b) | 0.22 | 0.32 | 1.6 | 4/0.5 | 0.8 | 1.92 |
