Fig. 5: Flowcharts and results comparison on using ct-UAE trained on different tasks or not for perovskite property prediction.

Ef is the formation energy. MAE is the Mean Absolute Error. R2 is the R-squared value in predicting each property. The prefix None- denotes models that do not use ct-UAE. The prefix CT- indicates models that use ct-UAE. The perfix CTMT@np is models that use ct-UAE trained by n properties. a Schematic representation of the workflow for applying ct-UAEs to predict properties of perovskite materials. When the back-end model is MEGNET10, the MAE for UAE-free case is 0.32 eV/atom. Using the transfer learning strategy with ct-UAE results in an MAE of 0.030 eV/atom, while the MAE for the transfer learning strategy with ct-UAE trained using multi-task learning is 0.021 eV/atom. b, c Predicted formation energy versus target formation energy for the MEGNET10 and CGCNN9 models. The upper part and the right part denotes target and prediction data distribution respectively.