Fig. 6: The application of BCgel significantly enhances osteogenesis in the rat model with blood clot defect (BCD).

A, B The osteogenic signaling pathway was analyzed for gene set enrichment analysis using proteome data obtained from the socket and surrounding tissue via LC-MS with a 4D label-free method, comparing BCgel vs Ctrl. C The heat map illustrates the key proteins involved in osteogenic signaling in the given dataset in A, B. (n = 3 independent replicates). D Micro-CT analysis and quantitative results of BCD rats treated with gelform (Ctrl) and BCgel for 1 week and 1 month after tooth extraction. (n = 6 independent replicates, means ± SD, p value calculated by two-tailed Student’s t test). E H&E staining of extraction region from Ctrl and BCgel group at 1 week and 1 month post treatment. F, G Immunohistochemical staining and quantification of Fak were performed on samples from Ctrl and BCgel groups at 1 week (F) and 1 month (G) post treatment. (n = 6 independent replicates, means ± SD, p value calculated by two-tailed Student’s t test). H Sequential fluorescent labeling observation showing new bone formation at extraction socket (green: calcein, week 1; red: Alizarin red, week 2; yellow: tetracycline, week 4). I, J Immunofluorescent staining of CD73 and Fak from Ctrl and BCgel groups at 1 week (I) and 1 month (J) post treatment was analyzed by CLSM. Double positive signals were quantified by Image J with colocalization factor (Pearson’s R value). (n = 6 independent replicates, means ± SD, p value calculated by two-tailed Student’s t test). K, L Immunofluorescent staining and quantification (L) of Runx2 and Alp at 1 month post treatment. (n = 6 independent replicates, means ± SD, p value calculated by two-tailed Student’s t test).