Fig. 3: Responses of the growth, reproduction, behaviour and biomarker of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides to pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, respectively.
From: Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms
Horizontal lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals around the means; numbers in brackets indicate the numbers of observations and studies. Blue lines represent the growth of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides; green lines represent the reproduction of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides; red lines represent the biomarker of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides; and black lines represent animal behaviour. Absolute values of ‘biomarker’ values were taken. a Responses of animals, plants and microorganisms to pesticides. Z test is used for tests of individual coefficients. Each test is two-sided, and the original P value is reported with no multiple comparisons. b Responses of animals, plants and microorganisms to insecticides. c Responses of animals, plants and microorganisms to fungicides. d Responses of animals, plants and microorganisms to herbicides. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
