Fig. 8: Responses of the growth, reproduction, behaviour and biomarker of animals, plants or microorganisms to pesticides, insecticides, fungicides or herbicides within the range of field-realistic and environmentally relevant application rates, respectively.
From: Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms
Horizontal lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals around the means; numbers in brackets indicate the numbers of observations and studies. Blue lines represent the growth of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides; green lines represent the reproduction of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides; red lines represent the biomarker of invertebrate animals, vertebrate animals, seed plants, spore-producing plants, bacteria and fungicides; and black lines represent animal behaviour. Absolute values of ‘biomarker’ values were taken. Z test is used for tests of individual coefficients. Each test is two-sided and the original P value is reported with no multiple comparisons. a Field realistic application rate of pesticides. b Field realistic application rate of insecticides. c Field realistic application rate of fungicides. d Field realistic application rate of herbicides. e Environmentally relevant application rate of pesticides. f Environmentally relevant application rate of insecticides. g Environmentally relevant application rate of fungicides. h Environmentally relevant application rate of herbicides. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
