Fig. 9: Relationship between added application rates in the treatments of pesticides, insecticides, fungicides or herbicides over the control without any pesticides and the different effect sizes of animals, plants or microorganisms along with fitted meta-regression lines across all studies.
From: Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms
The absolute values of pesticide application rates were transformed into relative values (i.e. the lowest non-zero pesticide application rate among multiple pesticide application rates with the same unit was considered to be 1, and the value of the other pesticide application rates with the same unit were considered to be multiples of 1). This was log2-transformed. Scatter plots show the response to application rates for the growth, reproduction, behaviour (animals only) and other biomarkers of animals, plants and microorganisms. The medium purple, blue, black and red dots and lines represent the effects of growth, reproduction, behaviour and biomarker, respectively. The shaded region indicates the 95% confidence interval for the predicted average lnRR. Absolute values of ‘biomarker’ values were taken. Effect sizes >4 are not shown for clarity of visualisation. Regression lines are presented only when the slope is significant. The regression model intercepts, slopes and the P-values for the slopes are presented in Supplementary Data 8. T-test is used for tests of individual coefficients. Each test is two-sided and the original P value is reported with no multiple comparisons. a Relationships between pesticide application rate and animals. b Relationships between pesticide application rate and plants. c Relationships between pesticide application rate and microorganisms. d Relationships between insecticide application rate and animals. e Relationships between insecticide application rate and plants. f Relationships between insecticide application rate and microorganisms. g Relationships between fungicide application rate and animals. h Relationships between fungicide application rate and plants. i Relationships between fungicide application rate and microorganisms. j Relationships between herbicide application rate and animals. k Relationships between herbicide application rate and plants. l Relationships between herbicide application rate and microorganisms. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
