Fig. 3: Alleviating H2O2 oxidation on anode by bubble shielding effects.

H2O2 consumption and HPL-coated and noncoated anodes at a 1.2 V, d 1.8 V, and g 2.4 V vs. RHE (non-iR corrected). a, d, and g insets: underwater in-situ photographic images of HPL-coated and noncoated anodes at different potentials). b, e, and h The corresponding statistics of bubble size distribution. c, f, and i Schematic diagram of bubble shielding mechanism for protecting H2O2 from anodic oxidation. The error bars in panels a, d, and g represent the standard deviation and were calculated on the basis of at least three experimental data points. Source data for a, b, d, e, g, and h are provided as a Source Data file.