Fig. 4: Alleviating H2O2 reduction on cathode by bubble shielding effects.

a H2O2 consumption by different cathode compositions all without a PTFE HPL at the cathodic potential of −0.1 V vs. RHE (CP carbon paper, CP/CB carbon paper loaded with carbon black, CP/CB+binder carbon paper loaded with carbon black, and a binder of PTFE). b LSV curves (non-iR corrected) for cathodes with CP, CP/CB, and CP/CB+binder compositions without HPL in 10 mM H2O2 solution with 100 mM PBS. c H2O2 consumption and by HPL-coated and noncoated cathodes at –0.1, –0.6, and –1.1 V vs. RHE. The error bars in panels a and c represent the standard deviation and were calculated on the basis of at least three experimental data points. Source data for a–c are provided as a Source Data file.