Fig. 5: AA15V LNP-sSE-SCTs redirects spike-specific T-cell immunity to treat tumors and reprogram TME.

a Schematic of the treatment regimen in the B16F10 tumor model. Created in BioRender. Xue, Y. (2025) https://BioRender.com/b49g753. b Tumor volumes in different groups. c Survival rates of the mice in the B16F10 tumor model. d Expression of cytokines and chemokines in tumor samples at 24 h post-treatment. e Expression level of representative cytokines and chemokines in tumor samples from (d). f Expression of cytokines and chemokines in blood samples at 24 h post-treatment. g Expression level of representative cytokines and chemokines in blood samples from (f). h–l Immune cell populations in tumor tissues. Populations of i activated DCs, j activated macrophages, k primed CD4⁺ T cells, and l primed CD8⁺ T cells in tumor tissues. Data in (b, c) and (h–l) are from n = 5 biologically independent samples. Data in (d–g) are from n = 3 biologically independent samples. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance in (b) was determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Statistical significance in (c) was determined by the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. Statistical significance in (e–l) was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. n.s. not significant P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.