Fig. 4: CO2RR performance.

a The LSV curves of Al2O3-CuSAC, CeO2-CuSAC, and TiO2-CuSAC with CO2 and Ar as supply gases. b The FECH4/FEC2 of Al2O3-CuSAC, CeO2-CuSAC, and TiO2-CuSAC at the potentials form −1.1 V to −1.5 V. c KIE of H/D for CO2RR-to-CH4 conversion at different potentials. d The corresponding FEs at high current densities. e FEs of Al2O3-CuNPs for CO2RR at different current densities. Long-term stability of f CeO2-CuSAC and g Al2O3-CuNPs at a constant current density of 400 mA cm−2. a–g No iR correction was applied to calculate the applied potential. The error bars represent standard deviations from at least three independent measurements. Relevant source data are provided as a Source Data file.