Fig. 4: Forest plots showing meta-analysis results from five cohorts UKBB, MVP, ASPREE, MGBB, and FHS, of cluster association and disease outcomes in different population groups.

Data points represent the mean effect size (odds ratio) for the combined effect across cohorts. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated using logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided, with a significance based on a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. The dotted vertical line at 1 represents the null effect (no association). SA South Asian, HS Hispanic, AF African, EU European. PIS preserved insulin secretion, EIS elevated insulin secretion, VAT visceral adipose tissue, D diabetogenic, ND non-diabetogenic. Panel A shows type 2 diabetes associations (T2D), hypertension (HTN), and myocardial Infarction (MI) with fasting insulin genetic clusters. Panel B shows associations of fasting insulin clusters with diabetes complications: diabetic retinopathy (DR), and insulin use across populations (INS). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.