Fig. 4: RDPNs@diABZIs activate the STING pathway in vitro.

a Viability of L929 and 4T1 co-cultured with RDPNs@diABZIs for 24 h. n = 5 biologically independent samples per group, repeated three times. b Schematic illustration of the activation of the GAS-STING pathway in dendritic cells (DCs). c, d Dose-dependent levels of secretion of IFN-β elicited by indicated formations in THP-1 and BMDCs. n = 3 biologically independent samples per group, repeated twice. e-h Representative flow cytometric plots and quantification of DC maturation surface marker expression (CD80⁺, CD86⁺) in BMDCs treated with indicated formulations for 24 h. n = 3 biologically independent samples per group, repeated twice. i, j Western blot image and semiquantitative analysis of p-STING and p-IRF-3 in THP−1 cells treated with various treatments. n = 3 biologically independent samples biologically independent animals per group. The samples derive from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. k–m Cytokine secretion levels in the supernatants of BMDCs treated with indicated formulations for 24 h. n = 3 biologically independent samples per group, repeated twice. Data were expressed as means ± SD. G1: PBS, G2: cGAMP, G3: diABZIs, G4: RDPNs@diABZIs. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (g, h, j, k, l). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.