Fig. 6: Evolutionary trajectory and distribution of ABH.1.

a A proposed model for the evolutionary trajectory of ABH.1. Following a segmental duplication event encompassing the genomic loci of ABH.2, SP.4, and SP.5, designated as CNV-0 type, there was a subsequent deletional event within the duplicated segment. This resulted in the loss of the entire SP.4 gene sequence, as well as the promoter region and the initial 315 base pairs of the first exon of the ABH.2 gene. Subsequently, transposable elements (TEs) were inserted into the 3’ downstream region of the SP.5 gene, situated between Fragment A and Fragment B. The integration of these TEs with a segment of the downstream sequence of the SP.5 gene, in conjunction with the truncated remnant of the ABH.2 gene, catalyzed the genesis of a novel functional gene entity, characterized as the ABH.1 gene (CNV-1 type). As a hotspot for genomic recombination, this region has also undergone events resulting from one (CNV-2 type) and two (CNV-3 type) duplications. b Global distribution of Ne1/ABH.1 and ne1 alleles in a worldwide wheat collection (n = 853). Samples were categorized into Ne1/ABH.1 allele type and ne1 allele type based on their genetic type in the NE1 locus, and the proportions of samples in different regions were represented using pie charts. Initially, the geographic coordinates of the samples were imported as point layers and overlaid with corresponding national and continental boundary data. Subsequently, pie charts were added at the sampling locations in each region, with different colors representing distinct haplotype categories and the size of the pie charts reflecting the total number of samples in that region. c Ne1/ABH.1 allele was negatively selected in Chinese wheat breeding. A total of 89 landrace wheat and 449 cultivar wheat accessions were used to investigate the distribution of Ne1/ABH.1 and ne1 alleles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.