Table 3 Performance evaluation of test accuracy (%) with different network structures

	CIFAR-10		CIFAR-100		BloodCell⁴⁵
LeNet-5	IID	Non-IID	IID	Non-IID	IID	Non-IID	Global Model Parameters (Communication Overhead)
DSFL²⁶	69.88	62.79	51.12	42.94	69.87	60.07	1.8 M
FedET²⁷	75.81	70.29	52.43	46.61	71.53	62.96	1.8 M
IncluFL³⁴	74.72	68.46	51.88	47.57	73.49	65.82	1.8 M
HeteroFL²⁸	71.39	65.26	50.67	43.71	71.94	63.44	1.8 M
DepthFL³⁶	70.22	63.57	49.17	40.15	70.48	63.17	1.8 M
FedRolex³⁷	74.72	69.75	52.81	47.38	72.54	65.48	1.8 M
DynamicFL	79.33	74.21	63.08	55.92	77.36	71.29	0.6 M

	CIFAR-10		CIFAR-100		BloodCell⁴⁵
GoogLeNet	IID	Non-IID	IID	Non-IID	IID	Non-IID	Global Model Parameters (Communication Overhead)
DSFL²⁶	70.35	64.57	52.61	44.73	70.49	65.37	20.7 M
FedET²⁷	72.39	66.64	54.69	48.42	73.18	66.19	20.7 M
IncluFL³⁴	72.73	67.86	55.28	46.59	75.29	67.94	20.7 M
HeteroFL²⁸	72.93	65.84	52.74	43.19	74.26	67.41	20.7 M
DepthFL³⁶	71.12	63.65	50.49	42.97	73.17	66.92	20.7 M
FedRolex³⁷	77.85	72.46	54.28	48.75	76.38	70.48	20.7 M
DynamicFL	82.84	77.16	61.52	54.28	81.49	75.13	6.9 M

	CIFAR-10		CIFAR-100		BloodCell⁴⁵
ResNet-18	IID	Non-IID	IID	Non-IID	IID	Non-IID	Global Model Parameters (Communication Overhead)
DSFL²⁶	71.31	66.90	53.64	44.97	78.47	72.11	35.1 M
FedET²⁷	75.13	69.13	54.37	46.55	81.79	74.96	35.1 M
IncluFL³⁴	79.87	72.66	56.72	50.18	80.36	73.82	35.1 M
HeteroFL²⁸	74.54	67.95	53.81	45.27	81.19	72.25	35.1 M
DepthFL³⁶	75.21	66.78	52.27	44.62	78.77	68.85	35.1 M
FedRolex³⁷	80.63	74.75	55.26	50.07	82.73	72.18	35.1 M
DynamicFL	86.82	81.14	63.27	57.20	88.64	81.76	11.7 M

Compared method are run under the same wall-clock training time.
The table shows the results of DynamicFL under three different network structures. Non-IID heterogeneity is introduced using the Dirichlet distribution Dir(β) with a concentration parameter β = 1.The global round number for our method is fixed at 100. And the global round of the other baselines is dependent on their respective computation time, ensuring a fair total computation time compared to our method. The results highlighted in bold indicate superior performance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Search