Fig. 2: Structural characterizations of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C, d-Pt3Fe/C and original Pt3Fe/C prior to thermal annealing.

a HRTEM image of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C showing o-Pt3Fe/C NPs enclosed by a thin and porous N-doped carbon layer. b TGA-DSC curve of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C. c XRD patterns of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C, d-Pt3Fe/C and original Pt3Fe/C tested with Cu Kα radiation. d Atomically-resolved HAADF-STEM image of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C. e, f Enlarged dark (f) and bright (e) field STEM images of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C of the rectangular region in (d). g Intensity profile of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C extracted from the yellow dashed area in (e) showing the alternating Pt and Fe atoms. h EDS elemental mapping of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C. i N 1 s XPS spectrum of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C. j, k Pt L3-edge (j) and Fe K-edge (k) FT-XAFS spectra of PNAC-o-Pt3Fe/C compared with respective oxide and metallic foil references at R space; X-axis abbreviation R represents the radial distance. Source data for (b, c, g) and (i–k) were provided as a Source Data file.