Fig. 1: Identification of CD38 as a disease-associated biomarker of CD4+ T cells before symptom onset in familial AD. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Identification of CD38 as a disease-associated biomarker of CD4+ T cells before symptom onset in familial AD.

From: Targeting CD38 immunometabolic checkpoint improves metabolic fitness and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 1

a Schematic representation showing study design. b Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) was determined in healthy subjects (n = 16), pre-symptomatic APP carriers (n = 15), and symptomatic AD individuals (n = 4). c PBMCs from healthy individuals (n = 17) and pre-symptomatic APP carriers (APP, n = 16) were analyzed by CyTOF. Frequency (%) of immune cells within circulating CD45+ cells. NK natural killer, NK T natural killer T, cDCs conventional dendritic cells, pDCs plasmacytoid dendritic cells. d, e T cells were subdivided into naive (TNaive), central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM), and terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) cells (Healthy, n = 17; APP, n = 16). Frequency (%) of the subsets within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Heatmaps represent the normalized median expression of differentiation markers. f Frequency (%) of circulating TH2 cells within CD4+ TH cells (Healthy, n = 17; APP, n = 16). g Frequency (%) of HLA-DR+ cells within CD4+ T cells (Healthy, n = 17; APP, n = 16). h, i Representative contour plots showing the frequency (%) of CD38hi cells within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Healthy, n = 17; APP, n = 16). j, k Median intensity (MdFI) of CD38 within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Healthy, n = 17; APP, n = 16). Results are pooled from three independent experiments. l Mean area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves illustrating the diagnostic performance of CD38-associated features following a Random Forest analysis. Inset presents the values for the three-fold cross-validation iterations (Healthy, n = 17; APP, n = 16). m Normalized variable importance (%) of the most discriminating features for diagnosis. P values are based on two-tailed Mann–Whitney U tests (b, g), multiple Mann–Whitney U tests with Holm-Šídák correction (c–e), and two-tailed unpaired t tests (f, h–k). All data show the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. SD standard deviation, MAD median absolute deviation. Exact P values are indicated in Supplementary Data 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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