Fig. 3: Targeting CD38 in vitro restore glucose uptake and rescue mitochondrial mass in circulating 5xFAD T cells.

a–d Peripheral blood from 2 to 6-month-old (young) and 8 to 12-month-old (aged) wild-type (WT) and 5xFAD mice was analyzed by flow cytometry. a, b Frequency (%) of CD38⁺ cells within CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells from young WT (n = 8) and 5xFAD mice (n = 15). c, d Frequency (%) of CD38⁺ cells within CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells from aged WT (n = 11) and 5xFAD mice (n = 13). e Schematic representation depicting in vitro assessment of glucose uptake, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential (∆ψm). f Glucose uptake was assessed in circulating T cells from 10 to 12-month-old WT (n = 5) and 5xFAD mice (n = 9), using 2-NBDG. Median fluorescence intensity (MdFI) of 2-NBDG within CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Results are pooled from two independent experiments. g Mitochondrial (Mt) mass was assessed in peripheral T cells from 10 to 12-month-old WT (n = 5) and 5xFAD mice (n = 7), using MitoTracker Green. MdFI of MitoTracker Green within CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. h Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed in circulating T cells from 10 to 12-month-old WT (n = 5) and 5xFAD mice (n = 7), using MitoTracker Red CMXRos. MdFI of MitoTracker Red CMXRos within CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. P values are based on two-tailed Mann–Whitney U tests (a, b), two-tailed unpaired t tests (c, d), and two-way RM ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests (f–h). All data show the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001. Exact P values are indicated in Supplementary Data 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.