Fig. 4: Performance evaluation of ECO2RR in a flow cell.

a LSV curves of SP-Cu2O, SP-Cu, and NP-Cu in 1 M KOH solution fed with CO2 gas. b FE of all detected products at different applied current densities on SP-Cu2O. c FE of C2+ products; d C2H4 partial current densities, e C2H5OH partial current densities and f C2+ partial current densities of SP-Cu2O, SP-Cu, and NP-Cu. g full-cell energy conversion efficiency (ECEfull-cell) for C2H4, C2H5OH, and C2+ production of SP-Cu2O in 3 M KOH solution. h Stability test on SP-Cu2O at 1 A cm−2 in 3 M KOH solution. a, c–f The 90% iR compensation was conducted to calculate the applied potential. The error bars represent standard deviations from at least three independent measurements. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.