Fig. 2: Efficiency evaluation for acetamide photosynthesis.

a catalyst dosage-dependent unit production rate; CH₃CONH₂ selectivity evaluation regarding the N-(b) and C-sources (c), respectively; d Efficiency comparison between different catalytic routes for photocatalytic C-N coupling, including the targets of production rate and selectivity, the corresponding research works are listed and cited in  Supplementary Information (Supplementary Table 3)^{54,55,56,57,58,59,60}; e Long-term stability test. f XRD pattern and the image (inset) of the collected CH₃CONH₂ sample with rotary evaporation after the long-term stability test. The respective standard curves for detecting the reaction species using ion chromatography (IC, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, CH₃COOH, and NH₂OH, Supplementary Figs. 31–35) are provided in  Supplementary Information. The error bars in (a–c) were drawn based on the calculated standard error of two parallel tests.