Fig. 7: Engineering the electron transfer system for Cho production. | Nature Communications

Fig. 7: Engineering the electron transfer system for Cho production.

From: Electron transfer engineering of artificially designed cell factory for complete biosynthesis of steroids

Fig. 7

A Primary and secondary metabolic pathways for Cho and Prn synthesis in S. cerevisiae, along with the synthesis pathway for the electron donor (NADPH). Subcellular structure was created in BioRender. Chen, Q. (2025) https://BioRender.com/9smi93r. B Metabolic engineering and ETE of S. cerevisiae for Cho production. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (tHMG1) encoded truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. IDI1 encoded isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase 1. ERG2 encoded C-8 sterol isomerase. ERG3 encoded C-5 sterol desaturase. Hs_ADR encoded adriamycin from H. sapiens. Hs_ADX encoded adrenodoxin from H. sapiens. GDH encoded glutamate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. FPK encoded phosphoketolase from Bifidobacterium breve. PTA encoded phosphotransacetylase from Clostridium kluyveri. Gpp1 encoded glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase 1. C Cellular NADPH/NADP+ ratios in the engineered D7−6, D7-7, and D7-8; samples for NADP(H) quantification were harvested after 48 h. The NADPH/NADP+ ratio was determined using the NADP+/NADPH quantitation kit. D High-density fermentation for Cho production in a medium supplemented with glucose for about 16 h and nitrogen for 72 h. Fermentation is divided into three stages, shown from light to dark. Glucose was added at 16 h, and YPD was added at 72 h. Values are shown as mean±s. d. from three biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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