Fig. 5: Mechanism studies.

a In-situ ATR-IR spectra of FeTeSe nanosheets under various potentials. OCP denotes open-circuit potential. b, c Calculated PDOS of strained FeTeSe-O/unstrained FeTeSe with NO3– (b) and H2O (c). d, e Gibbs free energy diagrams via the minimum energy pathway during NO3–RR-to-NH3 (d) and HER (e) over the strained FeTeSe-O (red) and unstrained FeTeSe (blue) surfaces. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.