Table 1 Adaptive and non-adaptive models for the evolution of the fast-slow continuum in birds and mammals

From: Adaptations to marine environments and the evolution of slow-paced life histories in endotherms

Model

Type

Optima

(θ)

Sigma

(σ)

AICc Aequo

AICc Anser

AICc Cetar

AICc Carn

1

BM1

–

single

1035.9

(0%)

358.8

(0%)

403.1

(0%)

467.8

(0%)

2

BMS

–

multiple

1014.8

(0%)

351.9

(9%)

386.9

(15%)

449.3

(0%)

3

OU1

single

single

1007.7 (0%)

349.2

(44%)

400.8

(0%)

455.1

(0%)

4

OUM

multiple

single

983.2 (7%)

349.4

(14%)

395.3

(0%)

443.7

(0%)

5

OUMV

multiple

multiple

973.1 (93%)

348.1

(33%)

382.8

(85%)

430.8

(100%)

  1. The evolution of the fast-slow axis along the phylogeny was modelled using Brownian motion (BM) and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) processes, as implemented in the R package OUwie. Values represent the average AICc across a sample of 100 phylogenies. The percentage of times each model had the lowest AICc is shown in parentheses. The AICc values of the most frequently selected models are highlighted in bold. Stochastic character mappings were used in the BMS, OUM, and OUMV models to account for differences in the “selective optima” (θ) of life history traits and/or the rate of stochastic variation (σ) in their evolution. For instance, the OUMV model allows both the optima and the rate of stochastic variation in the fast-slow axis to vary across selective regimes (i.e., marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments). In all OU models, the strength of stabilising selection toward the optima (α) was assumed to be constant across selective regimes to ensure model convergence. For further details on the models, we refer the reader to the Supplementary Material. Abbreviations Aequo Aequolitornithes, Anser Anseriformes, Cetar Cetartiodactyla, and Carn Carnivora.
Back to article page