Fig. 3: Simulated upconversion luminescence intensity (UCL, 750–850 nm).

a Simulated (gray) and experimental (black) UCL versus Tm3+ doping concentration for NaYF4:20% Yb3+, x% Tm3+ nanoparticles (x = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16). b Simulated (green) and experimental (orange) UCL versus Tm3+ doping concentration for NaYF4:x% Tm3+@NaYbF4@NaYF4 nanoparticles (x = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 50, 70, 100). For all simulations, the 980 nm excitation laser irradiance was set to 99.3 W/cm2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.