Fig. 1: Characterization and performance of Cl-doped FAPbI3 photoanodes.
From: Scalable and durable module-sized artificial leaf with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 10%
a Device structure of n-i-p configured FAPbI3 thin-film photoanode with functional layers including Au layer as top electrode, Spiro-OMeTAD as HTL, Cl:FAPbI3 as a photo-absorbing PSK layer with Cl:SnO2 as ETL and NiFeCo OEC layer. The structure of photoanode is copper wire/FTO/Cl:SnO2/Cl:FAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/gold/Ni foil/NiFeCo. White arrows indicate the hole transport from the HTL to NiFeCo/Ni foil via gold layer. b High-resolution (HR) cross-sectional SEM image of n-i-p structured thin-film device with functional layers including Au layer as top electrode, Spiro-OMeTAD as HTL, Cl:FAPbI3 as PSK layer, and Cl:SnO2 as ETL. c HR- TEM image of NiFeCo/Ni foil surface. d Jph-E curves of Ni/Cl:FAPbI3(TiO2), NiFeCo/Ni/Cl:FAPbI3(TiO2) (green color), Ni/Cl:FAPbI3(Cl:SnO2), and NiFeCo/Ni/Cl:FAPbI3(Cl:SnO2) (blue color) photoanodes measured in 1 M KOH electrolyte at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. e Jsc-E curves of Cl:FAPbI3 PV cells with Cl:SnO2 (blue color) and TiO2 (green color) as ETLs. f Charge transport, photophysical properties and charge transfer kinetics of FAPbI3 photovoltaics using Cl:SnO2 (blue color) and TiO2 (green color) as ETLs. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement of FAPbI3 films with Cl:SnO2 (blue color) and TiO2 (green color) as ETLs. Here ETL/Cl:FAPbI3 films were prepared on FTO glass. g–j Statistics solar performances represented in box-plot and overlap graph showing JSC, VOC, FF, and PCE of Cl:FAPbI3 PV cells using TiO2 and Cl:SnO2 as ETLs. Here blue box, Cl:SnO2 as ETL, green box, TiO2 as ETL; for both ETLs, the box represents 25–75% standard deviation; bottom line, median; dark green full circle, mean; whiskers, outliers with 1.5 as coefficient. In the statistical error bars, more than 15 devices were used for measurements of each ETL.
