Fig. 1: High fat diet accelerate the progression of osteoarthritis in mice.

a X-ray imaging of the lower limbs (top) and knee joints (bottom) of mice subjected to normal diet as well as high-fat diet conditions. Further categorization was performed based on whether the mice underwent DMM surgery. White arrows indicate joint space narrowing and bone damage. b Micro-CT reveals the osteophyte volume in joints of mice subjected to various diets and surgical procedures. Osteophyte scores (h) was quantified. n = 6 mice per group. c SO&FG staining (top), H&E staining (middle), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining (bottom) of the knee joints of mice in (a, b). Scale bars, 100 µm and 40 µm. OARSI scoring was conducted through SO&FG staining (g). Col2a1⁺ (j) and Mmp13⁺ (k) chondrocytes were imaged and quantified. n = 6 mice per group. d Three-dimensional high-resolution µCT images of the tibial subchondral bone medial compartment (top), subchondral bone SO&FG staining (middle), and TRAP staining (bottom). Scale bar, 40 µm. Relative volume of trabecular bone (BV/TV) (i) and TRAP⁺ (l) cells were quantified. n = 6 mice per group. e Immunofluorescence staining of IL-6 in the synovial membrane and subchondral bone. Representative images are shown in (e). Scale bar, 40 µm. Quantification of IL-6⁺ cells in the synovial membrane and subchondral bone are presented in (m) and (n), respectively. n = 6 mice per group. f Immunofluorescence staining of Perilipin-1 in the subchondral bone. Representative images are shown in (f). Scale bar, 40 µm. Quantification of Perilipin-1⁺ cells are presented in (o). n = 6 mice per group. Data are represented as mean ± s.d. Two-way ANOVA was performed. All exact p-values have been indicated in the figures. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.