Fig. 1: Synthesis and characterizations of Cys-DHAQ.

a Synthesis route of Cys-DHAQ conducted at room temperature (~20 °C). b FTIR spectra comparison of Cys, 1,5-DHAQ and Cys-DHAQ. c CV curves of 5 mM 1,5-DHAQ and Cys-DHAQ dissolved in 1.0 M KOH solutions at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1. d Structural configuration of the AORFB based on Cys-DHAQ negolyte and potassium ferrocyanide posolyte.