Fig. 4: Performance measurements of high-concentration Cys-DHAQ||K4[Fe(CN)6] AORFBs.

a The measured open circuit voltages of Cys-DHAQ negolyte under different charging states. b Polarization and power density curves of 0.5 M Cys-DHAQ||K4[Fe(CN)6] AORFBs collected at SOCs of 20%, 50%, and 100%. c Coulombic efficiencies, energy efficiencies, and discharge capacities of 0.5 M Cys-DHAQ||K4[Fe(CN)6] AORFBs at various current densities. d Charge/discharge profiles of 0.5 M Cys-DHAQ||K4[Fe(CN)6] AORFBs at 20, 40, 80, 100, and 150 mA cm−2. Long-term (e) galvanostatic and (f) galvanostatic-potentiostatic cycling performances of 0.5 M Cys-DHAQ||K4[Fe(CN)6] AORFBs tested at 100 mA cm−2. The inset shows the charge/discharge profiles at different cycles.