Fig. 5: Immune phenotype and exhaustion in HA with different dose intervals between the first and second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Flow cytometry was used to assess T cell phenotypes and functional capacity in HA at 3 months post dose 2. The HA ‘recommended’ (Rec) cohort had <35 days between dose 1 and 2, the ‘delayed’ (Del) cohort had 35–42 days between dose 1 and dose 2, and the ‘extended’ (Ext) cohort had >42 days between dose 1 and dose 2. a Frequencies of spike-specific CD4⁺ T cells in each HA cohort. b Frequencies of spike-specific CD4⁺ T cells expressing each combination of PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3, displayed as mean for each combination. c Frequencies of spike-specific CD8⁺ T cells in each HA cohort. d Frequencies of spike-specific CD8⁺ T cells expressing each combination of PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, displayed as mean for each combination. COMPASS functionality score (FS) and polyfunctionality score (PFS) for e CD4⁺ T cells and f CD8⁺ T cells in response to stimulation with peptides from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. g Frequencies of naïve, central memory (CM), effector memory (EM) and EM re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, displayed as mean of each combination as a proportion of all combinations, in each cohort. h The frequencies of terminally differentiated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. The frequency of i CD4⁺ T cells and j CD8⁺ T cells expressing each combination of PD-1 and TIGIT, displayed as mean of each combination as a proportion of all combinations, in each cohort. For a, c, e, f, h, participant vaccination history is indicated by circles (BNT162b2 only), squares (mRNA-1273 only), triangles (mixed BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273), or diamonds (mRNA only but one vaccine unknown). The solid red lines indicate the median of each group. HA Rec n = 20 (21 for AIMs), HA Del n = 7, HA Ext n = 14. ANOVAs were used to assess differences between dosing interval cohorts. FDR adjusted p values were obtained for b, d, g, i, j to account for multiple testing on cells from the same parent population. If the ANOVA was significant, after FDR correction if applicable, post-hoc tests were used to determine which dosing intervals differed from one another. If p values are not indicated, the result was not significant. p < 0.05 *.