Fig. 4: Electrocatalytic OER properties of electrocatalysts.

a, b Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves and Tafel slopes of CP/Ga2O3@HEO, CP/Ga2O3, CP/HEO and RuO2 with a scan rate of 5āmV/s. c Overpotentials of CP/Ga2O3@HEO, CP/Ga2O3, CP/HEO and RuO2 at 10 and 100āmAācmā2. d Double layer capacitance (Cdl) of CP/Ga2O3@HEO, CP/Ga2O3, and CP/HEO. e Electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) and turnover frequency (TOF) at an overpotential of 350āmV of CP/Ga2O3@HEO, CP/Ga2O3, and CP/HEO. f OER free-energy landscape of CP/Ga2O3@HEO and CP/HEO. All the measurements were tested in 1.0āM KOH solution as the electrolyte (pHā=ā13.6ā±ā0.2) at room temperature without iR correction. The catalyst loading varies depending on the parameters used for liquid gallium electroplating. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.