Fig. 2: Characterization of the oxygen carriers.

a, b XRD patterns of the series of Sr1−xCaxFeO3−δ-based oxygen carriers. The dashed line serves as a visual aid to illustrate the peak shift upon doping. c SEM image of SCFO (Sr0.8Ca0.2FeO3−δ). d Thermogravimetric analysis of Sr1−xCaxFeO3−δ in N2 at 500 °C. Shadings in blue and orange indicate the gas atmospheres air and N2, respectively. e Oxygen storage capacity of Sr1−xCaxFeO3−δ over ten redox cycles (reduction in N2 for 40 min, oxidation in air for 20 min) at 500 °C. f XRD patterns of fresh, reduced, and re-oxidized SCFO (reference patterns are shown for Sr2Fe2O5 and SrFeO3).