Fig. 3: Imaging the standard polystyrene nanospheres with Chip-PSM.

a Image intensity histograms of polystyrene nanospheres with diameters of ~200, 150, 120, 80, 60 and 40 nm, where the red solid lines are Gaussian fits. The incident light intensity remains unchanged for different nanospheres, ~1 W cm⁻². The exposure times are 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, 30 ms and 100 ms for 200 nm, 150 nm, 120 nm, 80 nm, 60 nm, and 40 nm, respectively. The image intensity was normalized with an exposure time of 50 ms. b image intensity versus nanosphere’s diameter. The error bars indicate the standard deviation obtained from the corresponding histograms. The experiments were repeated three times, yielding similar results for the relationship between scattering intensity and nanoparticle size.