Fig. 6: Electrochemical performances of Li||NCM811 cells with THF and TO-based electrolytes at wide-temperature.

a Long-term cycling performance of Li||NCM811 cells with different electrolytes at 0.2 A g⁻¹ at 25 °C. b Corresponding charge/discharge curves with TO-based electrolyte, and c the dQ/dV curves for different cycles. d Long-term cycling performance of Li||NCM811 cells with different electrolytes at 0.04 A g⁻¹ and −40 °C. e Corresponding charge/discharge curves with TO-based electrolyte, and f the dQ/dV curves for different cycles. g Long-term cycling performance of Li||NCM811 cells with different electrolytes at 0.1 A g⁻¹and 60 °C. h Corresponding charge/discharge curves with TO-based electrolyte. i Cycling performance of Li||NCM811 pouch cell at 0.01 A g⁻¹ and −40 °C. j Discharge profiles (0.02 A g⁻¹) of Li||NMC811pouch cell using TO-based electrolyte at different temperatures (the cell was charged at 0.04 A g⁻¹ under 25 °C). k Comparison of the state-of-the-art performance of Li metal pouch cells in terms of specific energy, temperature and electrode areal capacity as reported in the literature. The source of the literature data shown in this figure can be found in Supplementary Information, Table 5.