Table 1 Association of predictor variables with female birdsong

From: Global incidence of female birdsong is predicted by territoriality and biparental care in songbirds

Response variable

Predictor variable (category)

Posterior mean

Lower 95% CI

Upper 95% CI

R̂

Effective sample size

Incidence

Breeding latitude

−0.090

−0.302

0.117

1.012

4615

 

Log mass

0.490

0.258

0.752

1.03

1796

 

Sexual size dimorphism

−0.110

−0.316

0.086

1.018

3017

 

Mating sys. (<5% polygyny)

0.061

−0.468

0.591

1.003

24602

 

Mating sys. (5–20% polygyny)

−0.074

−0.593

0.440

1.006

9109

 

Mating sys. (>20% polygyny)

−0.565

−1.434

0.280

1.006

10884

 

Biparental care (yes)

1.268

0.265

2.311

1.012

4583

 

Cooperative breeding (yes)

0.143

−0.199

0.488

1.008

7463

 

Migration (partial)

0.487

0.049

0.950

1.008

6842

 

Migration (full)

0.262

−0.289

0.831

1.007

8957

 

Territoriality (seasonal)

0.736

0.125

1.406

1.012

4969

 

Territoriality (year-round)

2.375

1.628

3.255

1.025

2197

Elaboration

Breeding latitude

−0.030

−0.252

0.186

1.015

3818

 

Log mass

0.446

0.188

0.775

1.045

1256

 

Sexual size dimorphism

−0.128

−0.355

0.077

1.016

3393

 

Mating sys. (<5% polygyny)

0.197

−0.385

0.801

1.008

7552

 

Mating sys. (5–20% polygyny)

−0.261

−0.871

0.311

1.007

8624

 

Mating sys. (>20% polygyny)

−0.971

−2.070

0.005

1.014

3898

 

Biparental care (yes)

1.026

−0.025

2.165

1.020

2750

 

Cooperative breeding (yes)

0.038

−0.354

0.423

1.007

9275

 

Migration (partial)

0.452

−0.015

0.983

1.017

3216

 

Migration (full)

0.079

−0.521

0.711

1.009

6585

 

Territoriality (seasonal)

0.574

−0.036

1.259

1.014

3959

 

Territoriality (year-round)

1.799

1.063

2.772

1.043

1318

Length

Breeding latitude

−0.009

−0.219

0.204

1.008

6937

 

Log mass

0.390

0.163

0.661

1.031

1745

 

Sexual size dimorphism

−0.114

−0.320

0.076

1.017

3145

 

Mating sys. (<5% polygyny)

0.187

−0.416

0.789

1.003

25356

 

Mating sys. (5–20% polygyny)

0.056

−0.518

0.625

1.004

18725

 

Mating sys. (>20% polygyny)

−0.130

−1.050

0.770

1.004

16160

 

Biparental care (yes)

1.587

0.523

2.737

1.009

6590

 

Cooperative breeding (yes)

0.162

−0.198

0.536

1.008

7506

 

Migration (partial)

0.478

0.030

0.971

1.013

4441

 

Migration (full)

−0.027

−0.626

0.571

1.004

13879

 

Territoriality (seasonal)

0.214

−0.338

0.804

1.008

7279

 

Territoriality (year-round)

1.355

0.710

2.120

1.027

2059

  1. Bayesian phylogenetic mixed model results fitted with the R package brms. The predictor variables that are associated with each of the three female song metrics are bolded (these are variables whose posterior distributions, including 95% confidence intervals, do not cross zero).
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