Fig. 1: Total number of features and numbers of annotated metabolites, lipids and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) detected in nettle, reed and their respective fertilizers.

a Summary of the study design and major results; (b), total number of features and number of annotated metabolites, lipids and POPs in nettle and nettle fertilizer; (c), total number of features and number of annotated metabolites, lipids and POPs in reed and reed fertilizer; (d), number of annotated compounds in nettle, reed and their respective fertilizers sorted into families. The metabolite and lipid families are shown according to the NP Classifier classification at the pathway level. POP families are given according to the Norman Substance Database classification. Annotations are at levels 3, 2 and 1 of the Schymanski classification. n = 3 biological replicates for panels (b, c, d). For further details, see Supplementary Data 1. The removal rate presented in panel a was calculated on the basis of the abundance of persistent organic pollutants (Schymanski level 1) in nettle, reed and their respective fertilizers. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Panel a Created in BioRender. Heintz, D. (2025) https://BioRender.com/1un3pdy.